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寻求机会

2017-07-31

© UNICEF/UN05325/Dragaj

暴力冲突、贫穷和气候变化使移民儿童离乡別井，大部分仍在非洲生活。

每年在西非和中非有1,200万人迁徙到其他地方，当中超过半数为儿童。约有75%儿童生活在非洲撒哈拉以南，只有不到两成的儿童正在迁徙到欧洲。人口快速增长、城市化、气候变化、经济发展不平衡和冲突持续导致移民的儿童和青少年数量增加。

On 3 March, men on camels and donkeys travel through a dust storm in the desert near the western city of Mao, Kanem Region. From 28 Feuary to 6 March 2010, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Mia Farrow visited Chad to raise awareness of the importance of immunizing children against polio. Her visit coincided with the 6 March launch of a national immunization campaign aimed at 2.2 million children under five. It is one of 16 synchronized polio vaccination campaigns that were being launched throughout West Africa on that date. Polio cases in Chad are of particular concern because the country has been a major conduit for the disease’s spread to other countries. Between 2004 and 2006, an outeak spread from Chad to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Indonesia. This strain of polio virus originated from Nigeria, one of four countries in the world where the disease is still endemic. A 2007 outeak, also originating in Nigeria, continues to infect Chadian children, in large part because of poor immunization coverage. Most cases in Chad have occurred in N’Djamena, the capital, where more than half of all children are routinely missed in vaccination campaigns. Ms. Farrow met with government officials, representatives from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, and local leaders, and visited polio vaccination teams to support the campaign. She also visited a displacement camp in the eastern town of Goz Beïda and a therapeutic feeding centre in the western city of Mao, and attended the campaign’s launch ceremony in N’Djamena. The synchronized campaigns are supported by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, which is spearheaded by WHO, Rotary International, the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and UNICEF. The initiative is also supported by diverse governments, the European Commission, NGOs and other partners.
© UNICEF/UNI82205/Holt

非洲撒哈拉以南严重受气候变化影响。科学家预测，这里的气温将会上升3-4度，高于全球整体预测水平。长期干旱和强烈暴风雨使农业和畜牧业发展艰难，迫使人们迁徙，寻求更美好的生活。图为2010年在乍得的沙尘暴。

On 27 October 2016 in Lagos, Nigeria, street vendors sell their wares at Oshodi market as commuters make their way home, creating heavy traffic and fumes. Both vendors and commuters complain of headaches and trouble eathing as they inhale the toxic fumes from car exhaust as they are stuck in traffic or on the streets. Almost one in seven of the world’s children, 300 million, live in areas with toxic levels of outdoor air pollution - six times higher than international guidelines according to a report from UNICEF, Clear the Air for Children, released ahead of COP 22. UNICEF’s findings, the first of its kind and based on satellite imagery, also show that around 2 billion children in total live in areas where outdoor air pollution exceeds limits set by the World Health Organization as being safe for human health. This air pollution is caused by factors such as vehicle and factory emissions, heavy use of fossil fuels, dust and burning of waste. Indoor pollution is commonly caused by use of fuels like coal and wood for cooking and heating. Taken together, outdoor and indoor air pollution are one of the leading dangers facing children -- they are a contributing factor in the deaths of almost 600,000 children under five every year. This figure represents nearly 1 in 10 under-five deaths. Air pollution is also linked with poor health and diseases among millions more children that can severely affect their overall wellbeing and development. It causes difficulty eathing; studies show it is linked with, and can exacerbate asthma, onchitis, and the inflammation of airways, as well as other underlying health issues. Children who eathe polluted air are at higher risk of potentially severe health problems-- in particular, acute respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Children are more susceptible to the harmful effects of both indoor and outdoor air pollution as their lungs, ains and immune systems are still developing and their respiratory tracks are more
© UNICEF/UN037727/Bindra

城市化是移民潮爆发的主因。高薪厚职－工作不再依赖农作物或雨水，许多人离开家园，纷纷前往城市发展。新思想和新文化是吸引人们迁徙欧洲的第二大主因。图为2016年尼日利亚熙熙攘攘的大街。

Children gather for a reading club at a primary school in Koro, near Touba, Côte d'Ivoire, Friday 19 Feuary 2016. After years of conflict Côte d’Ivoire is now repositioning itself in Africa with the aim of becoming an emerging economy by 2020. With economic growth estimated at 9 percent, investors are streaming in. Yet nearly 50 percent of the population still lives in poverty. Maternal and child mortality, education, health care and protection of women and children remain key challenges. Significant progress has been made in Côte d'Ivoire since education became compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 in 2015 - the enrolment rate rose from 79% in 2015 to 88% in 2016. However, the number of children out of school remains high, especially in the northern and the western regions of the country. UNICEF is supporting the development of the Education Sector Plan (2016–2026) and also helping the Ministry of Education and partners to identify and address the reasons why children are not in school. One of the challenges Côte d'Ivoire still has to address is gender disparity. When faced with the choice, parents routinely choose to send boys to school before girls, a gap which widens significantly at secondary school level. Girls are also more likely to drop out of school because of early pregnancy and marriage, to care for younger siblings or to undertake other household chores.
© UNICEF/UN016963/Dejongh

预计到2050年，西非和中非的人口会增长一倍。人口大幅增长不仅会耗尽环境资源，还对有限的基础设施造成压力，如教育资源和医疗保健，更令资源争夺更激烈。图为2016年科特迪瓦学校的阅读学会。

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© UNICEF Cameroon/2017/Catton

伊丽莎白今年13岁。两年前，伊丽莎白从中非共和国的冲突中逃脱。她在途中与家人失散，並在寄宿家庭安顿下来，但换来的代价是嫁给一名陌生男人。

她说：「我知道只有教育能帮助我实现梦想。」

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©UNICEF WCARO/2017/Rose

逃离到逸塞内加尔后，12岁的安妮‧玛丽（化名）与母亲和妹妹一起生活在细小房间。在2011年中非共和国的冲突中，房屋被烧毁，她从此变得一无所有。由于多年沒有身份证件，她们无法获得教育，也沒有足够食物。

Chris is a nine year old boy who likes to run around in the neighborhoud with his friends. He has had a hard life, his mother is very poor and they live under a plastic tarpoline in a swamp that gets flooded as soon as it rains. Chris normally stays outside late after school. 'I do not like to come home because then I am not allowed to see my friends anymore. And my mother hits me when I do something wrong.' Sandrine Aka Assouan, 40 yars old is the mother of Chris, nine years old. They live together in San Pedro, in the South West of C™te d'Ivoire. Chris is verbally and physically abused by his mother. Sadly, his story is the story of so many others. Sandrine is very poor which stresses her out day and night. Some days she doesn't know if she will be able to feed her son. Her patience is very thin and it is not rare that she hits her son when she is exasperated and he dosen't seem to listen to her. 'I come to a point I don't know how the handle to situation or him, for that matter.' One day social services came with the police and Sandrine was told that she had to stop mistreating her son otherwise he would be ought to a center to protect him. Despite everything, Sandrine says she loves her son very much and didn't want him to be abandoned in a system. Since then, Chris and Sandrine have be able to eath a bit better since then. Sandrine receives some financial support which helps her to cope better and social servics follow Chris closely. In C™te d'Ivoire, 86% of children are disciplined physically and 20% are hit so violently that it leaves permanent marks.
© UNICEF/UN063974/Dejongh

很多弱势儿童都像九岁的克里斯，他们警示我们移民之路是多么的艰苦。许多移民遭边缘化，无法获得医疗保健和教育资源。克里斯与母亲居住在科特迪瓦搭建的帆布下，下雨时洪水氾滥，晴天时蚊虫漫天。

Mahazouna, 6 years old, daughter of Rahoua Bounya, 30 years old in the village of Kadazaki, Matameye department, Niger on August 14, 2016. Rahoua's husband left her more than 5 years ago to find work in Libya. She has 6 children and 4 still live with her, three boys and a girl. The two older daughters, 15 and 13 years old are already married.“The older girls were not good at school and the teacher was beating them so they dropped out. The other of my husband decided to marry them because they could not just stay here and do nothing. Now I have less children to feed, it’s better for us”. Rahoua cultivates her husband’s lands and with the harvest, they can eat for 3 to 4 months. But it isn’t enough. “My boys are growing fast and I need money for the future lands they will need to survive on. I heard about women who had been to Algeria to beg who had become rich. I was envious. So I left in July”. I was lucky because I reached Algeria in 4 days. I used all my savings and had to borrow 50,000 franc to reach Tamanrasset.” Rahoua left with her two youngest children and left the others to the surveillance of their uncle. “The desert was scary, I know a lot of people die out there. When I arrived two people from the village were waiting for us and they took us to a house were we stayed. In the morning, we would leave and go begging.
© UNICEF/UN029232/Phelps

玛哈泽纳今年六岁，父亲五年前离开尼日尔的村庄，前往利比亚寻找工作。母亲则冒着生命危险穿越沙漠，前往阿尔及利亚赚钱，后来却遭遣返。经济压力迫使他的姐姐不得不辍学，提早结婚。

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© UNICEF Gabon/Dicko/2016

图为来自加蓬的14岁女孩海琳（化名），手举标语「我是孩子，不是商品」。家人生活在贝宁，迫切想要帮她寻求更好的未来，却不料受骗，堕入人贩子陷阱。海琳说：「我在加蓬从来沒有上学。」「我常常挨打，身体虚弱，从未接受任何医疗帮助，我甚至吃不饱。」

Nigerian refugee Hafsa Oumar, 16, stands outside a classroom at the Dar Naim school, in Daresalam refugee camp, Lake Region, Chad, Thursday 20 April 2017. Before coming to Chad, Hafsa never had a chance to attend school. Hafsa enrolled in school for the first time when she arrived in Chad in 2015. However, she stopped attending school following her marriage in Feuary 2017. More than 25 million children between 6 and 15 years old, or 22 per cent of children in that age group, are missing out on school in conflict zones across 22 countries. In response to the education crisis in Chad, UNICEF has since the start of 2017 provided school supplies to more than 58,000 students, distributed teaching materials to more than 760 teachers, and built 151 classrooms, 101 temporary learning spaces, 52 latrines and 7 sports fields. UNICEF Chad also supported the salaries of 327 teachers for the 2016-2017 school year. To help drive an increased understanding of the challenges children affected and uprooted by conflict face in accessing school, UNICEF advocate Muzoon Almellehan, a 19-year-old Syrian refugee and education activist, travelled to Chad, a country where nearly three times as many girls as boys of primary-age in conflict areas are missing out on education.
© UNICEF/UN060345/Sokhin

尼日利亚难民哈夫赛·奥马尔今年16岁，站在达累斯萨拉姆难民营学校的教室外。来乍得以前，哈夫赛从未上学。2015年刚来乍得时，她第一次上学，但因结婚，在2017年2月退学。

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© UNICEF WCARO/ 2017/Rose

2017年，在马里的一个公交车站，站牌上印满了前往利比亚途经城市清单，令人眼花缭乱。对于那些从未离开过村庄的人来说，在复杂的交通网络中很难找到正确的路。途中的人贩子承诺为他们安排藏身之处，但却往往食言而废。

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© UNICEF WCARO/2017/Delvigne-Jean

穆斯塔法在到达利比亚后又返回位于冈比亚的家，他说：「你可以看到人们遭射杀，殴打和折磨。」「到达利比亚以前我从未听到枪声。而在那里几乎每天日日夜夜都可以听到。」

穆斯塔法建立了一个组织来帮助返回家园的移民。

Fourteen-year-old Issaa, a migrant from Niger, rests his hand on a gate inside a detention centre, in Libya, Saturday 28 January 2017. Issaa, who has five younger others, said his mother died two years ago in Niger. “I left Niger two and a half years ago”, he says sitting on one of the dozens of dirty mattresses on the floor. “My father collected money for my journey, he wished me good luck and then let me go. Once I arrived in Libya I started to look for a job.
© UNICEF/UN052682/Romenzi

2017年，14岁的伊萨留在利比亚的一家拘留中心，他说：「我两年半前离开尼日尔。」「我的父亲为我筹钱踏上旅途，他祝我好运，然后让我离开。」

虽然每月的工作报酬不足港币234元 (30美元)，但在被拘留前，伊萨还会一直存钱买船票，移民到意大利。 」

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© UNICEF Mauritania/2017/Alvarez

四岁的优素福梦想返回几内亚的家园。父亲巴布卡离家前往西班牙，但却在毛里塔尼亚花光所有钱，不得不当建筑工人维持生计。六年后，他放弃前往欧洲的梦想，只想与家人返回家园。

2017 Mali
© UNICEF Central African Republic/2017/Luthi

16岁的希拉已经结婚並为人母，她的丈夫离开马里前往赤道几内亚寻找工作。儘管已经很久沒有他的消息，他还是一直在寄钱给家里。然而，生活依然过得十分艰难，她不仅要做饭，打扫，拾柴，还要在附近的一座金矿工作。

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© UNICEF/UN034820/Schermucker

图为2016年，阿瓦与她的女儿南特妮在马里生活。为了寻求更好的生活，直至解决贫穷根源问题，並提出解决方案如提供工作机会、医疗保健和平等教育之前，人们将会继续踏上危险的迁徙之路。

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