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UNICEF藉首个「国际女童日」倡议消除童婚 「我的生活我做主,拒绝童婚」

2012-10-11

纽约/香港,2012年10月11日──联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)在首个「国际女童日」,与一众合作伙伴合力推动消除童婚──一个侵犯基本人权,又影响女童各方面生活的问题。

UNICEF性別和权利问题首席顾问Anju Malhotra女士表示:「订立『国际女童日』,显然反映出将女童权利置于发展重心的需要。」她续指:「联合国和合作伙伴正聚在一起,合力展现项目至今取得的惊人进展,但同时提出当前面临的挑战。」

(Left) Former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson speaks at the high-level discussion Ending Child Marriage, at UNHQ. Behind her (centre) is photojournalist Stephanie Sinclair, who has documented the issue of child marriage in many countries around the world.  On 11 October 2012 at United Nations Headquarters (UNHQ), a high-level discussion on Ending Child Marriage was held to review progress toward eliminating child marriage. Though girls are disproportionately affected, boys are also forced into child marriages. The practice disrupts childrens education, placing them at risk of multiple deprivations and increases their susceptibility to violence and abuse. The event was led by UNICEF in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UN Women, and included an opening statement by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. It was also held in observance of the inaugural International Day of the Girl Child  to be held annually on 11 October  which recognizes the unique challenges faced by girls around the world (including early marriage) and the need for greater attention to achieving girls rights. Child marriage occurs in almost all geographic regions, though higher rates of the practice are found in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. UNICEF continues to work with all partners to raise the legal age of marriage in all countries to 18 years and to address other forms of gender discrimination. In addition to the UN Secretary-General, other participants in the event included Bangladesh State Minister for Women and Child Affairs Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury; South African Nobel Laureate and Chair of The Elders Archbishop Desmond Tutu; Nigerian youth activist Salamatou Aghali Issoufa, 22; UNFPA Executive Director Babatunde Osotimehin; UN Women Executive Director Michelle Bachelet; and UNICEF Deputy Executive Director Geeta Rao Gupta.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon makes an opening statement at the high-level discussion Ending Child Marriage, at UNHQ. Behind him are (left-right) UNICEF Deputy Executive Director Geeta Rao Gupta and UNFPA Executive Director Babatunde Osotimehin.  On 11 October 2012 at United Nations Headquarters (UNHQ), a high-level discussion on Ending Child Marriage was held to review progress toward eliminating child marriage. Though girls are disproportionately affected, boys are also forced into child marriages. The practice disrupts childrens education, placing them at risk of multiple deprivations and increases their susceptibility to violence and abuse. The event was led by UNICEF in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UN Women, and included an opening statement by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. It was also held in observance of the inaugural International Day of the Girl Child  to be held annually on 11 October  which recognizes the unique challenges faced by girls around the world (including early marriage) and the need for greater attention to achieving girls rights. Child marriage occurs in almost all geographic regions, though higher rates of the practice are found in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. UNICEF continues to work with all partners to raise the legal age of marriage in all countries to 18 years and to address other forms of gender discrimination. In addition to the UN Secretary-General, other participants in the event included Bangladesh State Minister for Women and Child Affairs Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury; South African Nobel Laureate and Chair of The Elders Archbishop Desmond Tutu; Nigerian youth activist Salamatou Aghali Issoufa, 22; UNFPA Executive Director Babatunde Osotimehin; UN Women Executive Director Michelle Bachelet; and UNICEF Deputy Executive Director Geeta Rao Gupta.

「国际女童日」以「我的生活我做主,拒绝童婚」为主题,在世界各地开展连串活动,藉此引起公众关注这极为重要的议题。在纽约联合国总部,大主教德斯蒙德.图图(Desmond Tutu)将联同UNICEF、联合国人口基金(UNFPA)和联合国妇女署(UN WOMEN)共同商议办法,让政府、民间团体、联合国机构和私营部门能携手加快消除童婚习俗。在马拉维,有议会以这问题为中心开展辩论;在乌干达,年轻人则利用短讯公开讨论童婚这一习俗。

UNICEF透过与政府、民间团体,以及联合国机构、基金会和项目方案合作,为全球消除童婚行动奠定坚实基础。在2011年,34个国家办事处同利用了社会、经济和法律改革来着力处理童婚问题。

印度是世界上其中一个有最多女童在18岁前结婚的国家,虽然就全国来说,童婚个案宗数经已下降,以州份计算,童婚数目亦从1992至1993年的54%减至2007至2008年的43%,但进展仍算缓慢。

A banner bearing the slogan Allow me to choose my husband after I turn 18, and the logos of the Government, the NGO Tostan and UNICEF, advocates against early marriage. It is being displayed at an event in Darsilameh Village renouncing FGM/C and early marriage in 24 communities in eastern Upper River Region. The change in community practice of these traditional norms came about through their participation in the Community Development and Empowerment Programme, supported by the Government, the NGO Tostan and UNICEF.  On 14 June 2009 in the Gambia, women representing 24 neighbouring villages in Upper River Region gathered in Darsilameh Village to announce and celeate an end to the practices of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and early marriage in their communities. An estimated 3 million African girls in 28 countries are subjected to FGM/C every year, a social convention linked to traditional perceptions of girls status for marriage. But FGM/C also causes great suffering and often life-long and life-threatening health risks. FGM/C and other pervasive practices such as early marriage are now recognized as manifestations of gender inequalities that threaten the well-being of girls and women and increase maternal health and child mortality risks. In the Gambia, 78 per cent of girls/women aged 15-49 years have been subjected to FGM/C; a figure that rises to 99 per cent in the Upper River Region. Likewise, almost half of Gambian girls marry before age 18. The 14 June celeation is part of a process, now underway in several African countries, of changing harmful and gender-discriminating social norms through a human rights-based approach, in which knowledge and support are offered to encourage positive change that is directed by community members themselves. In Upper River Region, some 80 communities  mainly from the Mandinka ethnic group  are participating in this process through the Community Development and Empowerment Programme, implemented by the Government, the international NGO Tostan and UNICEF. Public declarations renouncing harmful practices are a critical part of the process, affirming a communitys commitment and helping to create a critical mass for nationwide change. More than 600 people  including girls and women, religious leaders, village chiefs, delegates from youth and womens groups, government officials and representatives from Tostan and UNICEF  attended the Darsilameh celeation.UNICEF在2006年支持通过《禁止儿童婚姻法》,此后一直支持国家发展和执行全国性消除童婚策略,以协调各计划和政策,解决童婚的成因和后果。UNICEF与国家合作时,亦会参与发展国家行动计划,並支持成立女童会和妇女团体,训练她们有关儿童权利的知识,教导她们同何透过与社区合作的方法,促进社区对话,消除童婚。

揉合多个不同文化背景的国家,如:孟加拉、布基纳法索、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、印度、尼日尔、塞内加尔和索马里,总结得来的经验,使我们发现结合法律措施和社区服务,尤其是教育,能让大众明白童婚以外的「选择」,带动社区讨论童婚议题,启迪民智,作出消除童婚的集体决定。 Anju Malhotra女士亦指出:「童婚往往导致女童辍学。在童婚盛行的社区,迎娶未成年女童只是集体社会规范的其中一部分,这种规范和态度,其实反映了该社会漠视女童的人权。」

20 December 2010: Salma,18, conducting a class at a Kishori Club session, where colleagues and other peer leaders discuss various social issue such as  early marriage and eve teasing in Paharpur Village, Nachol Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj. She refused early marriage, and as a peer leader she is going door to door to advocate social change in preventing early marriage.  Legally, the minimum age of marriage is 21 for boys and 18 for girls. However, 74 per cent of girls are married before the age of 18.  Over one third of girls are married before the age of 15. Although illegal, the practice of dowry  requiring a ides family to pay significant sums to the groom  encourages the marriage of the youngest adolescent girls because younger ides typically require smaller dowries. Dowry demands can continue after the wedding and sometimes result in violence against the ide when families are unable to pay. Early marriage also causes girls to drop out of education and limits their opportunities for social interaction. Only 45 per cent of adolescent girls are enrolled in secondary school and even fewer attend regularly.  New ides are expected to work in their husbands households and are subject to the same hazards as child domestic workers. In addition, early marriage leads to early pregnancy. One third of teenage girls aged 15 to 19 are mothers or are already pregnant.  Adolescent mothers are more likely to suffer from birthing complications than adult woman.教育是其中一项最有效防止童婚的策略。当女童能够上学,改变态度,亦可以减少区内发生童婚的情况。

虽然童养媳的比例在过去30年来不断下降,但童婚数目仍在全球多个地区持续高企,特別是在农村和最贫困的社区,童婚至今依然时有发生。有些童养媳更是社会上最边缘化、处于最弱势的一群。至于年轻的新娘则往往会被遭孤立,比如:被迫远离直系亲属、被迫辍学、被迫与同辈及社区断绝来往。

根据UNICEF的最新估计,大约7,000万位20至24岁的年轻女性中,即约每3名年轻女性便有1名,是在18岁之前结婚的,当中有2,300万人更在15岁前结婚。就全球来说,现时近4亿名(相当于逾40%)20至49岁的妇女在孩童时期已经成婚。 童婚令女童面对意外怀孕和过早怀孕的问题,而两者均可对女童构成性命威胁。与妊娠和分娩相关的死亡个案,是全球15至19岁女童死亡的主要成因,每年有约5万人因而致命。此外,10至14岁的女童死于妊娠和分娩的机会,更是20至24岁妇女的5倍。

In Old Malda, a Unicef Billboard reads

Rumi Hemron, Member of Adolescent Girls Clubs Against Child Marriage in Assam. Now it's not our time to get married, We'll not get to play.  We'll not get to go to school, says Rumi.

「透过全球作出共同承诺、社会运动、立法和独立倡议计划,女童将可以在安全的环境下茁壮成长。」Malhotra女士续指:「因此我们必须加快步伐,投入资源让女童能享有权利,发展潜能。」